Décharge de 180 volts envoyée. d. New York, New York, 25 September 1958), psychology, theory and practice of behaviorism, emotional condit…, Stanislavsky, Konstantin (Pseudonym of Konstantin Alekseyev; 1863–1938), Stanislavsky (real name, Alexeiev), Konstantin (Sergeievich), Stanislavski, Maria Lilina (fl. Dans le paradigme de la soumission à l’autorité élaboré par ce chercheur, chaque participant était convié individuellement à prendre part à une expérience concernant l’effet de la punition sur l’apprentissage. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1977. About 84 percent of his respondents indicated that they were glad to have been in the experiment, and only 1.3 percent said that they were sorry to have participated (see Milgram 1974, p. 195). In his defense, one can note that Milgram operated in an ethical vacuum; at the time, there were no formal rules about what was permissible in research with human subjects. "[28] Besides this hypothetical agentic state, Milgram proposed the existence of other factors accounting for the subject's obedience: politeness, awkwardness of withdrawal, absorption in the technical aspects of the task, the tendency to attribute impersonal quality to forces that are essentially human, a belief that the experiment served a desirable end, the sequential nature of the action, and anxiety. [20][21], By the time he was college age, his family had moved to nearby Queens. New York: Basic, 2004. The experiments showed that people would inflict a painful shock to a person they believed to be a helpless victim if urged to by an experimenter. Some committee members still held the ethical indiscretions of the obedience experiments against him.   nazisme Cet exemple illustre une situation dangereuse qui caractérise toute société complexe : sur le plan psychologique, il est facile de nier sa responsabilité quand on est un simple maillon intermédiaire dans la chaîne des exécutants d'un processus de destruction et que l'acte final est suffisamment éloigné pour pouvoir être ignoré. However, the date of retrieval is often important. In 1975, CBS presented a made-for-television movie about obedience experiments, The Tenth Level, with William Shatner as Stephen Hunter, a Milgram-like scientist. He was at his best when his humor turned to sarcasm, using it as a deadly weapon in scholarly combat. ." Milgram attended PS 77 and James Monroe High School in the Bronx (which he graduated from in three years),[9][10] and excelled academically and was a great leader among his peers. The Primacy of Situational Determinants . Early Development and Education . Stanley Milgram était un psychologue social controversé dont l’héritage est l’un des plus importants dans ce domaine. In 1980, in the midst of these experiments, Milgram suffered the first of a series of massive heart attacks. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. Il ne peut pas supporter ça ! In 1970 he published "The Experience of Living in Cities," which had a major influence on the new field of urban psychology. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 9 septembre 2020 à 10:33. Once this critical shift of viewpoint has occurred in the person, all of the essential features of obedience follow." New York: McGraw-Hill, City University of New York Graduate Center, AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research, "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century", "The roots of Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments and their relevance to the Holocaust", "Stanley Milgram Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Stanley Milgram", "From New Haven to Santa Clara : A Historical Perspective on the Milgram Obedience Experiments", "Stanley Milgram & The Shock Heard Around the World | World of Psychology", "Dr. Stanley Milgram, 51, Is Dead; Studied Obedience to Authority", "A sparky study that tests your blind obedience", "AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research", "If Osama's Only 6 Degrees Away, Why Can't We Find Him? © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. For example, in one study conducted in New Haven, Connecticut, Milgram found that only about a third as many letters addressed to Friends of the Nazi Party or Friends of the Communist Party were mailed than ones addressed to medical research associates or a private individual. On the other hand, the experimenter, if asked, insists that the experiment is not as unhealthy as it appears to be, and that the teacher must go on. Behavioral Study of Obedience. 1461-1468, 1970 ; Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, Tavistock, Londres, 1974 (Soumission à l’autorité, Calmann-Lévy, rééd. It is widely regarded as the most powerful experiment ever conducted in social psychology. [25] Inspired in part by the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann, his models were later also used to explain the 1968 My Lai Massacre (including authority training in the military, depersonalizing the "enemy" through racial and cultural differences, etc.). scientifique . Stanley Milgram (15 août 1933 à New York dans le quartier du Bronx[1] - 20 décembre 1984 à New York) est un psychologue social américain. Returning to the Department of Social Relations at Harvard in 1963 as an assistant professor of social psychology, Milgram used his "lost-letter technique" to study people's inclinations to help others when it wasn't required. Blass, Thomas. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Even though Milgram's personal interests were diverse, his greatest contribution to psychology came through one set of experiments, but in that set he contributed monumentally. But the obedience experiments have shown that one need not be evil or aberrant to act inhumanely.   années 60. C'est la différence entre la conduite motivée par l'émotion-choc et celle […] psychologie sociale Le psychologue Stanley Milgram a créé un générateur de choc électrique avec 30 positions. In 1986, musician Peter Gabriel wrote a song called "We Do What We're Told (Milgram's 37)", referring mistakenly to the percentage of test subjects who refused to continue administering shocks. One critic of the obedience experiments argued that Milgram’s subjects saw through the deception but pretended not to because they did not want to ruin the experiment. Milgram also developed close relationships of mutual respect with Jerome Bruner and Roger Brown. L'élève est en fait un acteur qui simule d'être électrocuté. learner) to memorize a list of adjective-noun word pairs. Pendant un séjour en Norvège et en France, il explore les différences culturelles de conformité. Milgram is generally regarded as one of the most important and controversial psychologists of the twentieth century largely because of his most famous work—a path-breaking series of experiments on obedience to authority. Second, he embarked on a totally new course of research—“the small world problem.” Ithiel de Sola Pool, a political scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Manfred Kochen, a mathematician with International Business Machines (IBM), had developed a theoretical model that predicted that large social networks could be traversed by a relatively small chain of acquaintances, and Milgram decided to test it empirically with a procedure that he devised, “the small world method.” In one study, he gave a folder to each of a group of randomly selected “starters” in Omaha, Nebraska, and told them to send it on to a particular stockbroker in Boston, by sending it on to close acquaintances who they thought would move it closer to the target. Some critics questioned whether subjects sensed the unreality of the situation. Although a secular Jew, throughout his lifetime Milgram maintained a strong sense of connectedness to Judaism, which included an identification with the millions of his fellow Jews murdered by the Nazis during World War II. In contrast, Milgram’s approach was phenomenon-centered and, as such, represents a continuation, through Asch, of the Gestalt tradition. I. He also worked on stagecraft for school productions, an experience he drew on later to help infuse his experiments with the dramatic elements that made them such credible and powerful experiences for his subjects. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. ." 2nd ed. For example, an excellent concise article about his obedience research appeared in TV Guide to coincide with the airing of The Tenth Level, a television drama based on the obedience experiments. The first ethical issue was the degree of deception. Stanley Milgram, (born August 15, 1933, New York City, New York, U.S.—died December 20, 1984, New York City), American social psychologist known for his controversial and groundbreaking experiments on obedience to authority.

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