These African Americans gradually created communities near those of the Seminole, and became known as the Black Seminoles. The Everglades is often called the river of grass for its vast system of slow moving bodies of water which spread much further than the National Park boundaries. [118] They were shot usually in the spring, when their feathers were colored for mating and nesting. [168], In 1999, an evaluation of the C&SF was submitted to Congress as part of the Water Development Act of 1992. The name “ Everglades ” came from the “River of Grass”, originally coined by author Marjory Douglas. [155], The Everglades hosts 1,392 exotic plant species actively reproducing in the region, outnumbering the 1,301 species considered native to South Florida. With Spanish colonization, both tribes declined gradually during the following two centuries. Many officers who had served in the Seminole Wars favored the idea. Thus the marine ecosystems in Florida Bay are considered to be a part of the Everglades watershed and one of the ecosystems connected to and affected by the Everglades as a whole. The Miami metropolitan area grew substantially at this time and Everglades water was diverted to cities. In 1907 they established the Everglades Drainage District and began to study how to build the most effective canals, and how to fund them. The climate of South Florida is located across the broad transition zone between subtropical and tropical climates (Koppen Aw, Am and Cfa). After the Civil War, a state agency called the Internal Improvement Fund (IIF), whose purpose was to improve Florida's roads, canals, and rail lines, was discovered to be deeply in debt. The naturally occurring bacteria that reduce sulfur in the Everglades ecosystem were transforming the mercury into methylmercury, and it was bioaccumulating through the food chain. [137] The fertilizers used on vegetables, along with high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus that are the byproduct of decayed soil necessary for sugarcane production, were pumped into WCAs south of the EAA. Prescribed fires occur in Everglades National Park in pine rocklands every three to seven years. [175] CERP still remains controversial as the projects slated for Acceler8, environmental activists note, are those that benefit urban areas, and regions in the Everglades in desperate need of water are still being neglected, suggesting that water is being diverted to make room for more people in an already overtaxed environment.[176]. The main draw for tourists is the hourly tram tour to the 65-foot high observation tower in the center of a 15-mile round trip trail. When rainfall exceeded the capacity of Lake Okeechobee and the Kissimmee River floodplain, it spilled over and flowed in a southwestern direction to empty into Florida Bay. The two tribes have each developed casino gaming on some of their properties to generate revenue for support, services and economic development.[98]. The name Everglades is a term unique to Florida. It had enough support to be declared a national park by Congress in 1934. But, Douglas said no. [20] This slight rise in elevation on both sides of the Everglades creates a basin, and forces water that overflows Lake Okeechobee to creep toward the southwest. [117] Water birds were a particular target of plume hunting. The crust underneath Florida was at one point part of the African region of the supercontinent Gondwana. [146] The Kissimmee River Restoration project was approved by Congress in 1992. The system begins near Orlando with the Kissimmee River, which discharges into the vast but shallow Lake Okeechobee. The primary feature of the Everglades is the sawgrass marsh. The construction of a large airport 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Everglades National Park was blocked when an environmental study found that it would severely damage the South Florida ecosystem. About 300 million years ago, North America merged with Africa, connecting Florida with North America. When only 30 members were left, they were removed to Havana. In fact, this directly contested the ideas of Napoleon Bonaparte Broward. [74] All grow in oxygen-poor soil, can survive drastic water level changes, and are tolerant of salt, brackish, and fresh water. The act put the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) in charge of testing and enforcing low phosphorus levels: 10 parts per billion (ppb) (down from 500 ppb in the 1980s). [151] Scientists found that power plants and incinerators using fossil fuels were expelling mercury into the atmosphere, and it fell as rain or dust during droughts. [43] Scientists indicate fire as the cause; it is also cited as the reason for the black color of Everglades muck. Contact with Europeans was marked by warfare, disease, and other depredations, and both these groups were largely gone from the region by the late 1700s. Starting at the last glacial maximum, 21,000 years ago, continental ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. In 2000 the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan was approved by Congress to combat these problems, which at that time was considered the most expensive and comprehensive environmental restoration attempt in history; however, implementation faced political complications.

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