At the same time, the union provides an external constraint that prevents soft authoritarian regimes from progressing into hard dictatorships. [51][52], After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated parts of the continent. [111], The EU has no formal connection to any religion. The currency union represents 342 million EU citizens. [315], The European Union has had a significant positive economic impact on most member states. The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. [57] European leaders Alcide De Gasperi from Italy, Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman from France, and Paul-Henri Spaak from Belgium understood that coal and steel were the two industries essential for waging war, and believed that by tying their national industries together, future war between their nations became much less likely. The Communities and their successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to their remit. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60% of the then European Community's annual budget, and as of 2013[update] accounts for around 34%. [130], The EU's population is highly urbanised, with some 75% of inhabitants living in urban areas as of 2006. [19][70] The treaty also gave the name European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred as such before the treaty. [109][110] The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ratified by most EU states provides general guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguistic heritage. Christians in the European Union are divided among members of Catholicism (both Roman and Eastern Rite), numerous Protestant denominations (Anglicans, Lutherans, and Reformed forming the bulk of this category), and the Eastern Orthodox Church. [156], In the 2010 budget of €141.5 billion, the largest single expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45% of the total budget. Vertrag von Lissabon. [179], The European Ombudsman was established by the Maastricht Treaty. [124] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are officially recognised as potential candidates,[123] with Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership application. 0000045834 00000 n 5.2(c) reproductions by public libraries, educational institutions or archives for non-commercial use; art. The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993. 5.3(c) press reviews and news reporting; art. United in Diversity was adopted as the motto of the Union in the year 2000, having been selected from proposals submitted by school pupils. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals, companies or a particular member state. The overall life expectancy in the EU in 2018 was 81.0 years, higher than the World average of 72.6 years. 355 0 obj<>stream The European Union and its Member States continued to be the world's leading provider of official development assistance in 2018 and stepped up their efforts directed at developing countries. 13 0 obj Bürgerrechte. [268] Over the past 50 years, an increasingly dense network of legislation has been created, extending to all areas of environmental protection, including air pollution, water quality, waste management, nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, industrial hazards, and biotechnology. <> The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where members have agreed to act as one. Examples of such alliances include the Visegrad Group, Benelux, the Baltic Assembly, the New Hanseatic League, the Weimar Triangle, the Lublin Triangle, EU Med Group and the Craiova Group. The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research. The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU's courts,[171] and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and its civil service. [193], The coordinator and representative of the CFSP within the EU is the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy who speaks on behalf of the EU in foreign policy and defence matters, and has the task of articulating the positions expressed by the member states on these fields of policy into a common alignment. [71] In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU. [226], The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs)[227] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others. endobj Known from the myth in which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been referred to in relation to the present Union. The EU budget is scrutinised by the European Court of Auditors. [w] When the time limit for implementing directives passes, they may, under certain conditions, have direct effect in national law against member states. ", "Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union", "An Overture to the European Union Youth Orchestra", "IOC, FIFA presidents welcomes new EU treaty, call it breakthrough to give sports more power", "Sports coaches from Israel travel to UK for training", "Thirty-sixth meeting of the ministers' deputies: resolution (55) 32", Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen, "Graphical specifications for the European Emblem", "Der Karlspreisträger Seine Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II. After much discussion, the most concrete result was the EU Battlegroups initiative, each of which is planned to be able to deploy quickly about 1500 personnel. "[75][76] In 2013, Croatia became the 28th EU member. [27], Member States may limit this right in the following cases:[28], Database rights last for fifteen years from:[29], Temporary copying which is the result of the transmission of a work or of its legal use is not covered by the exclusive right of reproduction. GUIOT Frédéric [e] This political philosophy of a supra-national rule over the continent, similar to the example of the ancient Roman Empire, resulted in the early Middle Ages in the concept of a renovatio imperii ("restoration of the empire"),[29] either in the forms of the Reichsidee ("imperial idea") or the religiously inspired Imperium Christianum ("christian empire"). Collective assistance from the European Union and its Member States amounted to … The Directive - (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2019 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law - was adopted on 23 October 2019 and entered into force on 16 December 2019. Language policy", "Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)", "Many tongues, one family. "Partnership and cooperation agreement (PCA) - EU monitor", "EUR-Lex - 22018A0126(01) - EN - EUR-Lex", "EU-Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement", "EU and Kyrgyz Republic initial Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement", "EU-Korea FTA Will Be a Long Process: Greek Ambassador", "3.17E+14 USD to EUR | Convert US Dollars to Euros | XE", "Compositional Analysis of Foreign Currency Reserves in the 1999–2007 Period. [q] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Gleichheit. [192] The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. EU-Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, EU and Kyrgyz Republic Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the, the conservation of marine biological resources under the, social policy, for the aspects defined in this Treaty, economic, social and territorial cohesion, common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty, development cooperation, humanitarian aid, the coordination of economic, employment and social policies, the protection and improvement of human health, 2020: Spanish health workers on the front line against, This page was last edited on 23 October 2020, at 07:35. <> In 2006, the EU-27 had a gross inland energy consumption of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe). The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.[246]. Cities are largely spread out across the EU with a large grouping in and around the Benelux. [73][74], In 2012, the EU received the Nobel Peace Prize for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights in Europe. In some areas the EU enjoys exclusive competence. Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. 5.2(a) paper reproductions by photocopying or similar methods, except of sheet music, if there is compensation for rightsholders; art. The same year, Slovenia adopted the euro,[72] followed in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta, by Slovakia in 2009, by Estonia in 2011, by Latvia in 2014, and by Lithuania in 2015. Copyright law is largely harmonized in the Union, although country to country differences exist. [186] Prohibitions against sexual and nationality discrimination have a long standing in the treaties. [citation needed] For example, in 2001 the commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States (GE and Honeywell) which had already been approved by their national authority. 5.3(f) uses of political speeches and extracts of public lectures, to the extent justified by public information; art. [191], The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU's own interests and those of the international community as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. Federalism and European union: The building of Europe, 1950–2000. (It does not have a formal constitution: its status is defined by the Treaty of European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). 2003. [50] In a radio address in March 1943, with war still raging, Britain's leader Sir Winston Churchill spoke warmly of "restoring the true greatness of Europe" once victory had been achieved, and mused on the post-war creation of a "Council of Europe" which would bring the European nations together to build peace. [256], The Galileo positioning system is another EU infrastructure project. 5.3(n) communication of works to the public within the premises of public libraries, educational institutions, museums or archives. endobj endobj [209] EU military operations are supported by a number of bodies, including the European Defence Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and the European Union Military Staff. [159] The Parliament uses this to decide whether to approve the commission's handling of the budget. [275], Basic education is an area where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments.

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