Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during this period. [155] NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002. Each year, scientists from 28 different nations conduct experiments not reproducible in any other place in the world. [6] Most of Antarctica is a polar desert, with annual precipitation of 200 mm (7.9 in) along the coast and far less inland; there has been no rain there for almost 2 million years, yet 80% of the world freshwater reserves are stored there, enough to raise global sea levels by about 60 metres (200 ft) if all of it were to melt. Motion of the ice sheet tends to concentrate the meteorites at blocking locations such as mountain ranges, with wind erosion bringing them to the surface after centuries beneath accumulated snowfall. A small variety of beer, vodka, and whiskey is available in the Camp Barneo dining tent, at reasonable cost given the location (e.g. (January/February 2004), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, International Terrestrial Reference System, List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole, Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, the first ever manned descent to the seabed under the North Pole, Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE-2009), United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013: expert, "At the North Pole, 6–7 April 1909: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web", The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd: An Overview of the Controversy, Did Byrd Reach Pole? [89] As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base[90] and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. [98], A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. [65] This may have significant commercial implications; see "Territorial claims", below. The North Pole is one of the most misunderstood places on the planet. [39] One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole. The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada, which is located 817 km (508 mi) from the Pole. In 1985 Sir Edmund Hillary (the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest) and Neil Armstrong (the first man to stand on the moon) landed at the North Pole in a small twin-engined ski plane. (1872-1928) Norwegian explorer of the Arctic and Antarctic. [33][34] In the 1980s Plaisted's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided. North Pole . With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecology. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness,[5] which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula. Arctic cod are the most abundant. [114] A coalition of international organisations[115] launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International,[116] which operated its own scientific station—World Park Base—in the Ross Sea region from 1987 until 1991[117] and conducted annual expeditions to document environmental effects of humans on Antarctica. [176], In February 2020, the region recorded the highest temperature of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), which was a degree higher than the previous record of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) in March 2015. Multicoloured snow algae and diatoms are especially abundant in the coastal regions during the summer. The flightless midge Belgica antarctica, up to 6 mm (1⁄4 in) in size, is the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica; it and the Adélie penguin breed farther south than any other penguin.

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