Collected themes - browse stories and anecdotes from the history of the Habsburg Monarchy. The cause of the battle was a revolt by a group of Czech lords who threw two governors and a secretary out of the windows of Prague Castle. [9] By 1627, Archbishop Harrach of Prague and Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice set out to convert the heretics, as they were termed, by peaceful means; most Bohemians converted, but a significant Protestant minority remained. The Battle of White Mountain ( Czech: Bitva na Bílé hoře, German: Schlacht am Weißen Berg) was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War . At the same time, the Palatinate was conquered by Spanish and Bavarian troops, and the electoral title…, At the Battle of the White Mountain, Ferdinand II became master of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, while Lusatia was pledged to Saxony. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The army, headed by Field Marshall Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, consisted of well-seasoned fighting men, and their leader was equally experienced. We employ analysis cookies to continually improve and update our websites and services for you. [9] By 1627, Archbishop Harrach of Prague and Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice set out to convert the heretics, as they were termed, by peaceful means; most Bohemians converted, but a significant Protestant minority remained. In 1626, he ordered all Lutherans (most of whom had not been involved in the revolt) to convert or else leave the country. In the upper part there is Our Lady of Victory surrounded by saints; in the lower left-hand corner there is the victorious Emperor Ferdinand II with his son Ferdinand III and the Bohemian lion. The actual battle lasted only an hour and left the Bohemian army in tatters. Print. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge UP, 1998. Sweden was to join the Protestant forces in 1630. The Battle of White Mountain (Czech: Bitva na Bílé hoře; German: Schlacht am Weißen Berg) was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War. [citation needed] In 1622, he forbade practice of the Lutheran faith. Amongst those executed were KryÅ¡tof Harant and Jan Jesenius. https://www.habsburger.net/en/events/battle-white-mountain-1620. Tilly quickly sent in reinforcements, and the Bohemian flank began to crumble. Cookie settings Force-marching his men, Christian of Anhalt managed to get ahead of the Imperial army just before Prague. Some 4,000 Protestants were killed or captured, while Imperial losses amounted to only about 700.[6]. After conquering most of western Bohemia, the Imperial army made for Prague, the Bohemian capital, then in rebel hands. Print. At the same time the number of inhabitants decreased from three million to only 800,000.[10]. Reenactment of the Battle of the White Mountain, Czech Republic. The actual battle lasted only an hour and left the Bohemian army in tatters. In the early 17th century most of the Bohemian estates, although under the dominion of the predominantly Roman Catholic Holy Roman Empire, had large Protestant populations, and had been granted rights and protections allowing them varying degrees of religious and political freedom. Accept all cookies. [4] In May, 1618, wanting to air their grievances over this and other issues, a group of Bohemian noblemen met representatives of the Emperor at the royal castle in Prague; the meeting ended with two of the representatives and their scribe being thrown out a high window and seriously injured. [2] The battle marked the end of the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War and decisively influenced the fate of the Czech lands for the next 300 years. Serving with the Catholic League as an official observer was the future "father of modern philosophy", René Descartes. Central Europe enemies, neighbours, friends. Forty-seven leaders of the insurrection were put on trial, and twenty-seven of them were executed in Prague's Old Town Square on what came to be called the "Old Town Square execution". Though the Czechs outnumbered the opposition, they were no match for the superior knowledge of the Imperial army. Battle that ended the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years' War, ⪠Prague, At The Heart Of Europe - Documentary, ⪠Pieter Snayers, Battle of White Mountain fought near Prague, 7-8 November 1620. After conquering most of western Bohemia, the Imperial army made for Prague, the Bohemian capital, then in rebel hands. the Schmalkaldic War) between the Protestants and Catholics were settled by the Peace of Augsburg from year 1555 which was pushing through the motto Cuius region, eius religio(Whose realm, his religion). All of the armies of the day employed numerous mercenaries, including, by some definitions, Tilly himself. Enthusiasm for joining battle was low on both sides. The cavalry charged into the Imperial infantry, causing significant casualties, but Tilly countered with his own cavalry, forcing the Bohemian horsemen to retire. volume 1 da 1618 al 1632 2007 (, Luca Cristini, 1618â1648 la guerra dei 30 anni. This led to deep consternation among many Bohemian Protestants, who feared not only the loss of their swindled properties, but also of their traditional semi-autonomy, under which many of the estates had separate, individual constitutions governing their relationship with the Empire, and where the king was elected by the local leaders. This led to the execution of People . However, the disputes continued even after that. “The loss of soldiers was not much unequal,” he wrote, “but the loss of cannon, the baggage, reputation, is the Imperialists victory who, as it seems, hold Bohemia now by conquest.” Ferdinand at once had the rebel leaders tried and executed, confiscated the lands of all their supporters, expelled all Protestants, and abolished the constitution. The following analysis cookies are used only with your consent. In 1627 he issued a “new constitution,” which created an authoritarian government that lasted until 1918, when Czechoslovakia was formed out of Bohemia and adjoining regions. An estimated five-sixths of the Bohemian nobility went into exile soon after the Battle of White Mountain, and their properties were confiscated. Painting celebrating the Catholic victory, by Anton Stevens (c. 1610–1675). White Mountain (Bilá hora, in Czech) is now in the Prague 6 city district; the place where the two armies fought is now an open area with a monument dedicated to the fighters for the Bohemian cause. King Frederick with his wife Elizabeth fled the country (hence his nickname the Winter King), and many Bohemians welcomed the restoration of Roman Catholic rule. The battle marked the first major victory of the Roman Catholic Habsburgs over the Protestant Union, a military alliance among the Protestant states of Germany, in the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). No further rebellion occurred, and Tilly’s army was triumphant. Battles of the Thirty Years War from White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618-1635. You can also find further information in our data protection declaration. It was strongest at the northern (right) end where the incline was steepest. King Frederick fled to the Netherlands. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001. He also hoped to reclaim church properties which had been seized by Protestants at the start of the Reformation decades earlier, and to do away with the Electorate - the body of princes who chose the Holy Roman Emperor and who had considerable power over Imperial policy. To their surprise, the Bohemians retreated at their advance. Terms and Conditions | Privacy & cookie policy | All of the armies of the day employed numerous mercenaries, including, by some definitions, Tilly himself. With the prospect of Protestantism being overrun in Germany, Denmark entered the struggle. https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain?oldid=4181016, Decisive victory for Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Among the Emperor’s soldiers was philosopher Rene Descartes. [3], Ferdinand (who would become Emperor Ferdinand II following Matthias' death in 1619) saw Protestantism as inimical to the Empire, and wanted to impose absolutist rule on Bohemia while encouraging conversion to the Catholic faith. On November 8, 1620, the Imperial army moved towards Prague. The Bohemian infantry, who were only now approaching the Imperial army, saw the cavalry retreating, at which they fired one volley at extreme range before retreating themselves. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. King Frederick and his military commander, Prince Christian of Anhalt, had organized a Protestant army of 30,000 men; Ferdinand countered with a force of 25,000, many of them seasoned soldiers, under the capable leadership of Field Marshal Tilly, a Roman Catholic Spanish-Flemish nobleman. The Battle of White Mountain The year was 1618 and political and religious tensions in the kingdom of Bohemia were balanced on a blade's edge. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. After conquering most of western Bohemia, the Imperial army made for Prague, the Bohemian capital, then in rebel hands. In the early 17th century most of the Bohemian estates, although under the dominion of the predominantly Roman Catholic Holy Roman Empire, had large Protestant populations, and had been granted rights and protections allowing them varying degrees of religious and political freedom. Force-marching his men, Christian of Anhalt managed to get ahead of the Imperial army just before Prague. The battle at the start of the Thirty Years’ War determined Czech history for the next 300 years, and people’s emotions over the event still run high. Advertisement. [2] The site is now part of the city of Prague. The Battle of White Mountain took place on the outskirts of Prague 400 years ago, so for this anniversary the annual re-enactment will be a bit bigger this year and will also include a parade. The Thirty Years War: A Documentary History. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001. The Battle of White Mountain was more a skirmish than a full-fledged battle. In 1618, several Czech lords threw two governors and a secretary from the windows of Prague Castle (Defenestration of Prague); they now drummed up 30,000 men to fight for their cause. //
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